Several factors can contribute to obstructive azoospermia. These include:

• A previous vasectomy
• Blockage in the ejaculatory duct or issues with ejaculation
• Infections in the testicles or epididymis
• Congenital absence of the epididymis and/or vas deferens (the tube that stores and transports sperm)

Most of the time, obstructive azoospermia does not show obvious symptoms.
However, two key signs may indicate this condition:

• Difficulty with sperm production
• Blocked ejaculation due to duct obstruction

Obstructive azoospermia prevents the release of sperm in sufficient numbers, making natural conception extremely difficult.

However, despite the obstruction, viable sperm can often still be retrieved directly from the testis or epididymis. These retrieved sperm can then be used in assisted reproductive techniques like IVF or other fertility treatments.

1. Physical examination:
• Helps identify any abnormalities in the structure of the testicles.
• Also involves examining the epididymis and other ducts for irregularities.
2. Imaging of the scrotum and prostate:
• Ultrasound scans are commonly used to detect blockages, abnormalities, or structural issues in these areas.
3. Clinical examinations:
• Blood tests are conducted to measure hormone levels, such as testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), both of which directly impact sperm production.

There are two main surgical treatments for obstructive azoospermia, chosen based on the patient’s condition:

1. Vaso-vasostomy / Vaso-epididymostomy:
• A small incision is made in the testicles to remove blockages in the vas deferens or epididymal tube.
• These tubes are essential for the movement of sperm from the testes toward the ejaculatory ducts.
2. Transurethral Resection of the Ejaculatory Duct (TURED):
• A tiny incision is made to remove any obstruction in the ejaculatory duct.
• This duct plays a key role in allowing sperm to be ejaculated into the vagina.